ÿØÿà JFIF    ÿÛ „ !.%+&8&+/1555$;@;4?.451 4,$,44444444444414444444444444444444444444444444444444ÿÀ  á á" ÿÄ     ÿÄ ?    !1AQaq"2‘¡±ÁðBRbrÑá#‚’¢²3S CñÿÄ   ÿÄ !    !1QAa‘2ÿÚ   ? 5˜Z¯V¦cø)›t/? z¨±>Õ5€¶‹Á¤·¼z¼Ü¬+ñ®v¤¨_ˆR­BFn©—˜ý®ç̝P8gýt·ÉSTŦˆìät?þé¼íìN/Þa)ì–í6ô… Ï¿øÃj´¿KÇü]ÿ ªô¹-eKànëÕHTx}ýSÜ›ÿ ”7Ø×&µ<¦  ¥ÑO¶[Ù¯ä¨ÞÃÿ PZ-¬;#õ|•oaÿ ©CìÞz3˜öː/¤­ñTûIØ}š^ mÓ%ªxˆ¥ÉŸu=Z+ISe¿45™¼u;ú&WØ÷€æßQ™®{|íx*TC“#ZŠìZ§²‹ 6pv…³¿¡äª*áZÐ%ÒOáˆo"x«OHk w±æ+¬V(kMúŸ5Vö«$ ÁrÏbàb57/luR ¸ÑÛj Òµì`Ðœq­û žICÀÊ•©4€Âcà¨Ï€O´<èÐ:›ù(Ë^L8þ‘ÍÌ#¸Ð_Ì©ÙK(Öz 4¬û+¸;ü’V’84‘¬ÃŽ:[â‡ÔÌáõp¢~§ªlæ£ö{®G>J¼"°‡7¯ÆÉèßû ‹É‹§ÁòÃýâßî ^ƾÙõ‹×óH#«LP½ïX=xÑÍ$|W?•~• îëÔ©ª‹ {ÝT…Kÿ ”hûâá)J*ö˜–ÔU;iÇ€/ ÆþjóZ\ýwØ=Ìm ºèËL9 ýèÆð/¨’¥öo=nË.%Îì ŽÕ¯È|{Oj²ƒE6e/ßdÄõ²Ìâ1O®ò×TsəԸhOMýíMˆ¿¼H˜l²,7Â¥#MF/Úf°Ö½± ¸–dr‹NýÊ íjqx{œÉ ä-È ¦ øÄër¨q°ð †nцýÑÄÆ’mä…n<0È™;ÁÝá¯ÁZƒ7FÀmì­ É&9ˆîéi¶ùN§Y• ÃZãAâ?•‡©‰ , ó¾IŸŠc1 4â&y­&pŠ­6;M À 0¹qç»p.á …ŸÅáK@%6·y6ƒ‰3?”úºŽ‰éX5ªPT §µ!=Mž«Ú½‹ÅgÂSâÉaþÓoö–¯ÁÔìR>5éÿ üs¶ÆUcÌ kÇR ]ÿ ù¬¼«VŽ;Â|‡~¢¦”ÏÅ°æ {L™Õ°Óv¹ò¸írŽ¡×¢CÃ!íVÕ {¶»sŒNPg/ "uÕbkm²“$ďå¿é¹§°½æz¯6 †s¿!s–wÚÝ“™Œ °.ûj>·+™Òa…©Œ&rÝÎtÛë긪Ît’LAVp%c Úý[ÄzJ¾ÇàXXç@˜ó<êL]·T˜¾¥1Ó©V‡g´æ½¦Ý@¹óø!_@´ÞâSÁ —S3™•& ]@JHÚý©ZŽ €×æÔr»Áf!‡yÞ4Mv*èÓã_{‘åóUuљØ«Oïé*®EvÑ Œ÷‡U \"㪒ÍK+À 4“M¡ï:0¥5í!'<@î´”>Ç»&Z–ïCCV˜Ì5Šo&îhè.žû |ÓK©h$s6KìŒëã)¹hI¦GïOåóI;ììü#É$Š0…Ææ¥TØ.5­¾gn´ “ÂÖ\:hœ89G)J@„}œ:’Ò{/Š"¦_Æ×7Æ3VÇŠÊa]ÚŒÙ€Ä–=®uÁßâACZƒ§§£ Qnâ:«,×{tyø¬iÛcœÜÄ€H½ÄÍCk´÷šß .W'b¤Íåh]÷€=,Žv×cÚEÚHXJX¶îo¨FÒtèöŸ>ªª6[J®Fµ£sGÁeqõfe\íjÒÐïÄÐGˆe1Ø‹.Ø”‘Ëuø Y­ˆÜ ŽG|zùªüMpDnQWÄ”%JŠ™)â*p@Örš«ÕT2Ð%ˆG#ª„ ·¤!°ŸOTÂT¸aÚ%4&h™LµšØüÐ.F¿²ÐÞ_Ç‚¾ÅÃaÜ÷09Æ q€öy˜v‡85õN÷]¬äѼóS{°_MŽ¬úÔ#°Ç¸0åÞè2ëôPcvÆw9®ií1Ä8F™˜à‰´+‰Ik1òÝ7“Ñ×ÒsÝ\x‚h`ÞÑ`ó"|µEcý£n˜h`}GÞ !±ù²Ápü²ß6 0ïi󜵩SÈÇ7˜-ÕURO˜¦´f$ªž-Í6(œ}<„ éc øs]ŽŽ„*—¾ ìdŽ„)méª\¿êÎIg¾ØÞ~I#C/¼¼´EÁÈŽi8“©õådô·>euä ƒ'Ê×लR1ÉJE1ÐAát`t;ÇР%Ý<‡¥„ÍÆ`×Oyó)õiI€ñQaŸ4Ûù\áàaÃÔ¹HÃu¹*k€¦<„e S‡&õÏ B!ŽhüÞ`yj}mªf×\¿ Ç~æ­9‡û\՞Ǖg²1Žû5V7 !àöšm° c`ܬøÇìµÒ'P"?…´Ö,"§^•õŽ¨sÔ)6˜sæéÍR¼ ò|Sl”‹7 nPW Gòú÷½§O¯‡„l¡kSÞŒr½PÊ@æ¢pŽ-mÿ #Ÿ˜Àº¶Áä¦;ïÔæ$1££`“Õ>„—·ž)ßð³ñ#Ï Ô$¶œ‰ÊE‹À;÷º ¯«P:Ñ”8–IÊtpÞ3ª“>ê“þës4ò2OÏÕ­±zô†Õ§‰.÷ä¸;¿˜“'œ›žª}«Œ{ª±Ì 9ÔóÞÕ‡0 $íWV3Üì¬ —@kÝ4@¿r¼±½¬™›?øØæ´'Áé®CË3-g$˜ö‡×auÚi´Žp/êÛ æF›Ú2v‹ã¿¿,nB1̨ƃqÞa5͝@&Æû“él÷ \C²½UÍc ¯k×¢U ÖéQå™—-r wô ÞÏ<Ò=&=ÿ Ôê Òêˈt,i—;LîÜ á¸*ÚÃ1$êL•LÍ <É)ýÐà’ ;F™{ƒ™˜€&'}‚ãÄK`¡ÞT@I;®žZóè‚s’7®°›+§O­Åq©é»²9<Ô J ¼9O’HL»Ùïì¸rk¼Ž_ý‘TŸu[²ßÚŒ·ü÷B%¯E ŸÔX5êO´ Ç•€’I0 ÉJX` ñ¹õ%;µŸD‘«´€àwÒ™U ûئžÖö\×®×´8 ½‡ºÐÆÓ§?Àkmœ=;d5*@-ì0F Rªýš[Ü6âö̃ڸr*KA9· u*µæ£?U¸Âêí†8@¦X4 e-ò„0s{ HâUpU?¼mñRa°®a%Ð'tÉ×’\¾ÊÉ]t›h>·(Ë@R¼¡Ãt h}’O÷au<+nT…Ö…MӐ??Óe95 q>í/;&JSû °¯ÊéÞ øƒ*Ã2½Ài&:nôUl=¾¿5eˆ3”ñc|Ú2V”>„»&eE;«ÚäC p¢Û úy 9š[ŒÌx¼擼A&DåÒ¯ˆ¤ÀÌ;"˜ ÏQä¸åhÊ}Ûq«Û0WžÒ|»€ø®öCm5•\ÇÀ§Pe3£]0ÃàLDÉ‰1øªxjgwT‚÷¿LΨK‹›ùs—xˆÜ±µ kæ¸f‰‰ÜGk/LÛØ6d9ò¶ùA{ƒA3š/¬D¬khÓk‰`˜"㯒r¿±Óã jx‡°e}<Ñø\3y:'À•/h½Í€Ç4~g ?Û(¼]v‘ªlKÎâ~?O‚W%{Ì:“'©úNq¾›úo(X’¥¯ˆ nFê{Ç€ü?º'ë ø‹ì Þ09ŒÌç9Æ —ËC`j@ÓÄ(+a‹un¸#ÂꟋ{K`‘ÑÍÍ'à´»/Û,KW;Þ4²þð ï Nm|~fGÏ(…³Ã)«1ö­Õ ¥‡¨©ƒÃ™ü-s=à=U66Ï«Ýc蓦W¹íž®›nÔ%êÇìŒ<#Ü×84ån®Ð ÒåOC` ñânÑs‡¢ç 1õ%Îhì½Ã½® e:ݼUZo™`  ÅZŸŒÊ«ê1ÏÄo$q¹Þ€©ˆhÐÉä¯ñ[!…Ú˜àJ:x2$Íß&PåT£6ç— ‡Í*4Ýšçjÿ ‰É nófÐ ó(L5C•åÆ\rMÒ@ò }y-W}™üýVù—ú¢=Ù”c®‘< M ž ´Phr ¦©TD ‘ù.$´÷O‡‘V2Æò.=IUŒ=ž‡â¬i™aþÓåÙ?òUø'ØÖ•.~* šTŒ!•-×áºTâ®ä#õü'´ eýlYÅÓeÕKÂrT"CÚ@u!Óxƒ{š3€}1¿(r}%«nËamjÑ%ÑNEò v ˜à  σöK³,*º.àzù¨™Ó ÚçâU¦*¿ 9{%Ö¹ njûdaXöb) kÛƱûÓ\°M7ˆÂ=û›ç¿Ã‚­V»Cg–8ÙêE- j)k$º`Ã-ùEýeBÆÇ]c¡°ñty&Òd0nõ'¡W+ƒ*|–øµFa\GQªEAÔp5\Ǽ·¼Ç8·õ -â§Ú[ ‡ uZeÖ 3}×d'+¹:ð+K†Û®s!Ï$úe€<Û”x)1»a­¡LC]¸µík…ÚàA»AYº{†ªS[¦5HÒ7ù --,ísòDØ€èk ÞÀîÜ ò@â( ËNˆë›4ô½•/¦o‡€Û7 ê•ÆêòðÜy'Án½µ á˜ݦ ndeo…[ì¶Ê,¥R³Ä=À±—–ß;£™´ñSâ*g§”ïaið‘Jå~™ÓÞ ß³Õ¢»8x埒²52>AÊb&-÷\7´éÄù€T˜,w;3{ï˜k…à¹ÄqÀ«œ{€\ ˆ¾[´¨јr &Úé„Ívˆ±8†¿]|¬ņ4I×pÞS1ÈÖz‰#Ìv‡G!YNògñ:màTz¢Ý1ô©^O=~ë|5Bã™ç•¼µõ•bÆ@úÕS¬ÈŒ#¬zünrŸ û” Z²•ï›èðV"ÁHÚý©wÝ €7¼Ìu1hÑa3Éä û f$o¿É ™Ú›ÝçnpÒ3äÌ3†Í§,Äï]$‰/pê †«À¼¸e9­Æê_C]žƒ·ý·frÁN«, E=›Çq -‰öŒ:aÏ¿±í&£Í:-} 84‘ÿ eƒQÑeëSsuiA ³g㟥ú£?ÿ ʼn*”“÷aühe:ÊWa@ÒÞk±eØ] F Ô—r.åä˜ @ö¥ªZoÐýYL·¥S²G/‡ñ <~*ZÆ´è>JlòàÛƽÿ 窘ìGN¢:I®KšJp/`íIÁÀõ#Ä-€ö­šµŒoF4|ÆQØÆ@Ì|£Ô…¢À{9˜è½Üó›€ôYÒÎYsið;ís¤€à²ˆ‚4qÉVŒI$ ‰"° æµ8cXGjœˏ¡Aâý•ËÜ¢ûï e·çLx']á"oÅÎê3¯Ç—¹”ó0nå‚âg{Œñ> S´˜îè°g238‚ãköÝfÚd´6Ò€;ò÷±¢™¼›º ¢Æ'¥Ðx'e¬ç ]bÈÆV¢ó‹kýBO ðÊâ$Ÿ!×T 3Mýמ žìٍàÌü‘8÷€àæØ8æ©6‰©L´«…oãpð„~Çk‰!ñ;‹”ÛžÍ àž±z Ÿôû øŸÝužÏ;ÿ #|u6™Þ¬ÚˆÐõA4¶â|ôl|Ê2ŽÇ¤ÝÅÇY.<#Aí.k§hóF‚”Y; M½Ö4hŸ4&›­¿tès´%FìL¥£Ãk‰ÇT¤haÁ¤ÚxfÉ`ÑìË›>i 3t‚:,–+^÷´–{Û–Nxi"x‘Ûg î¨>¥Õ܁ùZH,2Û“:8xÊ¢Çí9.É-Ìâã-=çjwµS˜dütžçwýGòú®®ûº_ˆýx$–¡ãøO EÚÛÏ÷R„×w+3£Á£öUMyR²¹âŒ°š›¸Ñãò9§Ó_Dl+Ùßc›úšGÅÌc†Ž!Ko=¶.‘Îÿ c²(2®V mª.ÿ ¹B›¹å ù„öŸSV>™ü¯$y:G¢Z×àøúdî¹û­·ýÇ´:•c LÍõi_‹ö+ÎæGÊè>OŠ•äž´§Þ{X}¨1ÚTc›»Qþ•êô°t¿OP?eæ~É{5]•ÙR£r5†nZ\ã@ &îJõ ¾àC°þV>fé¥/ü5ñÊIº_é5 ;e­h<@ Ä&æÃëE%;X,ÒãÆÞ`Oò¦kŸm#˜!ÀyÄ¢| óLšò¥Ä` ¶R=|ÈCâh5ò3DˆïF†ðÒ#ÅìÛœ?¸yhBãœí ZxßÎÄhºRK„`Þödvײ™ÀÈÑÒgŒuY w³%†ƒÓzõ ÖÏp‚dH®¦A´ù§»ÓÇMæ~)ˆð‡û:ù&Ä •vGD´À n ݇¼Ö8Fö óáà£~Ë¥x`oK|Ä?fxiØü%pìR>éò+Û±éÎ>núlFŤ'tq8LZÏvÃ?„¡ß±È⽆¯³íü@x|PöUäèØã¡ð‚ŒAìÏ"vÍwóŸÍ{ ý0.z È•Ö{,N¡£¡ŸKÕÙž>Ýœþ ÍÀ°<×EA!Å‚D™IúOÍ¡>ôG}Â` ÍßkÜL™Ž Þð™ {IøF²¹òQ3&!ÃÂÞz.d&Ï-sH¸,Ôõ˜ŽP€ 77ˆÝ¼ÊëÜw =cÕ Ú,ØÐ5ÎYÐ)ì´öœgŒ[¤ßv㙑8心>h]§µháYš£²ºÑ.{Ï7Sð•?´~×SÃKýJÛ˜ ™Íäiúu<µX¶1õ^kâçIÑ£sZ4h>j*ÔšD:4­¿_ ÷¸ Õxæÿ ¸?Mù _•­ÊÐ ä ÷ý ÑwL œ­ïnTkÛUÍN©ë:¦fV ¶ÜÔÜMªÅâA½–¿R×TXš-%iTÊT•‡Ù‚JôϐZxWÑè‰f‰òG º ×Õû2aZ7OU3[“×AT–ÞŒ…-‘¤”Ì ì&(ˆ¿­•ƒkï’:ðY¦W‘ Å)“†‘˜³Åtcø˜ñTÂwÚÇ4|üLÇªí–v- qˆèU qPE.†â‘˜µ Æ,ÐÅs]8¾„oúÑ i>ÜxxÈó)ƒ ´æÁâØ$À‰vžŸf$Ž |ãw;ÀÁIJ»b` {¦Ó¤Ú$©YÀ‘n@Óïž«9J¼êG m¤ ܯ¹ÌW4€ÐÒÅÛ‡#褕Ÿn-?í|с¥÷Ú¹¬'´ÞÜ9ÓK `hê£SÄSà?7—Wí_´…óB›»:=Ãïq`<8ñÓŒÑlú2d¬ê³£hÖ[l|$vÝro~'R®‰§°ñmY ͧäP |PUª¹·:3Œ[Û{Xÿ ºâ@‚W–Äé u‚ ¯´*=íή.pûÒdt @G‰¬ s¸ ëÉücr ÞæѨÊ@>¤¢Ö±. Þ'¯°ÌME[YéïĵÂCå½ Ué©Áû'Ê9%eÔðNU”ë‘ÌsD3/®+UI˜9h.WC”빓$#:pz:YÓ ¿xž* ³$Í +$kñAŠ‹†¢ Uê>¸)_š¬÷©ßAÂÔb9ÇU ¯¾á•9¯ÏÏ÷O÷¼¼Fähal1‰3Ì[Ïr•´UCksNÐ] R‘¸¥H+§Šé†c©vÖÞ0iÓ76s†î!§=ß ¼~Ô'°Ãmäoäš³ªøi1úÉ)³yV8 CLÄØÁ‘WYïi€H6ÖÑiámø^ÈY´°Ñ7¥Û*—Ñ©L«Qƒï—Ùrÿ ›£Ð*š¸ˆL©ˆ$ˆ ÷¾D§9È®«qbqC)–ˆïv´çñsÑVT­Ø, <àïºÀO«Jý·õ àfPìð .wFšir´þ’2_Y *Æ€x\« ì€9š@ Ž|F⇥ˆkZ@hÖÄ0t¿-<“‹qµ¾*ZL¤Ú)&BJpÓF5=$„at*Zš$’ÑtdûÝRI1 2Ž‰$€$I$#‰SÞ’Hë¬ï;Á$¡t$’`<(ñÇt)$‡Ð.Êf¢X’Kt=Éé$‚ˆªè¢oÝëòI%Rgcª÷ŠyI%¡‰ÿ !ñ)´õ $¤ Ô’IIGÿÙ# ATOMIC TIME # Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the reference time scale derived # from The "Temps Atomique International" (TAI) calculated by the Bureau # International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) using a worldwide network of atomic # clocks. UTC differs from TAI by an integer number of seconds; it is the basis # of all activities in the world. # # # ASTRONOMICAL TIME (UT1) is the time scale based on the rate of rotation of the earth. # It is now mainly derived from Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). The various # irregular fluctuations progressively detected in the rotation rate of the Earth led # in 1972 to the replacement of UT1 by UTC as the reference time scale. # # # LEAP SECOND # Atomic clocks are more stable than the rate of the earth's rotation since the latter # undergoes a full range of geophysical perturbations at various time scales: lunisolar # and core-mantle torques, atmospheric and oceanic effects, etc. # Leap seconds are needed to keep the two time scales in agreement, i.e. UT1-UTC smaller # than 0.9 seconds. Therefore, when necessary a "leap second" is applied to UTC. # Since the adoption of this system in 1972 it has been necessary to add a number of seconds to UTC, # firstly due to the initial choice of the value of the second (1/86400 mean solar day of # the year 1820) and secondly to the general slowing down of the Earth's rotation. It is # theoretically possible to have a negative leap second (a second removed from UTC), but so far, # all leap seconds have been positive (a second has been added to UTC). Based on what we know about # the earth's rotation, it is unlikely that we will ever have a negative leap second. # # # HISTORY # The first leap second was added on June 30, 1972. Until the year 2000, it was necessary in average to add a # leap second at a rate of 1 to 2 years. Since the year 2000 leap seconds are introduced with an # average interval of 3 to 4 years due to the acceleration of the Earth's rotation speed. # # # RESPONSIBILITY OF THE DECISION TO INTRODUCE A LEAP SECOND IN UTC # The decision to introduce a leap second in UTC is the responsibility of the Earth Orientation Center of # the International Earth Rotation and reference System Service (IERS). This center is located at Paris # Observatory. According to international agreements, leap seconds should be scheduled only for certain dates: # first preference is given to the end of December and June, and second preference at the end of March # and September. Since the introduction of leap seconds in 1972, only dates in June and December were used. # # Questions or comments to: # Christian Bizouard: christian.bizouard@obspm.fr # Earth orientation Center of the IERS # Paris Observatory, France # # # # COPYRIGHT STATUS OF THIS FILE # This file is in the public domain. # # # VALIDITY OF THE FILE # It is important to express the validity of the file. These next two dates are # given in units of seconds since 1900.0. # # 1) Last update of the file. # # Updated through IERS Bulletin C (https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/bulletinc.dat) # # The following line shows the last update of this file in NTP timestamp: # #$ 3976686858 # # 2) Expiration date of the file given on a semi-annual basis: last June or last December # # File expires on 28 December 2026 # # Expire date in NTP timestamp: # #@ 4007404800 # # # LIST OF LEAP SECONDS # NTP timestamp (X parameter) is the number of seconds since 1900.0 # # MJD: The Modified Julian Day number. MJD = X/86400 + 15020 # # DTAI: The difference DTAI= TAI-UTC in units of seconds # It is the quantity to add to UTC to get the time in TAI # # Day Month Year : epoch in clear # #NTP Time DTAI Day Month Year # 2272060800 10 # 1 Jan 1972 2287785600 11 # 1 Jul 1972 2303683200 12 # 1 Jan 1973 2335219200 13 # 1 Jan 1974 2366755200 14 # 1 Jan 1975 2398291200 15 # 1 Jan 1976 2429913600 16 # 1 Jan 1977 2461449600 17 # 1 Jan 1978 2492985600 18 # 1 Jan 1979 2524521600 19 # 1 Jan 1980 2571782400 20 # 1 Jul 1981 2603318400 21 # 1 Jul 1982 2634854400 22 # 1 Jul 1983 2698012800 23 # 1 Jul 1985 2776982400 24 # 1 Jan 1988 2840140800 25 # 1 Jan 1990 2871676800 26 # 1 Jan 1991 2918937600 27 # 1 Jul 1992 2950473600 28 # 1 Jul 1993 2982009600 29 # 1 Jul 1994 3029443200 30 # 1 Jan 1996 3076704000 31 # 1 Jul 1997 3124137600 32 # 1 Jan 1999 3345062400 33 # 1 Jan 2006 3439756800 34 # 1 Jan 2009 3550089600 35 # 1 Jul 2012 3644697600 36 # 1 Jul 2015 3692217600 37 # 1 Jan 2017 # # A hash code has been generated to be able to verify the integrity # of this file. For more information about using this hash code, # please see the readme file in the 'source' directory : # https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/sources/README # #h 2e101270 4e6749f8 2f1792b7 14a0c188 36bb19d6